Clinical trials are in a state of crisis. This crisis is an epiphenomenon of a profound crisis in medicine, which lacks conceptual tools to handle complexity and optimality.
Complexity drives clinical trials to their demise.
Resistance to treatment is the hallmark of cancer. Initially cancer yields to chemotherapy, yet with time tumor becomes refractory to any treatment.
Rising cancer resistance is linked to another tumor attribute,
known as de-differentiation.
Three processes contribute to rising cancer resistance:
1. De-differentiation
2. Cell initiated resistance:
Enhanced drug clearance.
Multiplication of insensitive processes.
Elimination of receptors to a drug.
3. Chemotherapy eliminates responding cells and promotes resistant clones. It promotes de-differentiation
Cancer is more then just a tumor. Cancer is an interaction between organism and tumor. Since this interaction cannot be read off the genome, molecular biology propagates the cancer-tumor synonym